{"id":11317,"date":"2022-01-31T22:29:24","date_gmt":"2022-01-31T22:29:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/summitinterconnect.ca\/blog\/article\/les-experiences-de-henry-cavendish\/"},"modified":"2025-12-17T10:49:09","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T10:49:09","slug":"cavendish","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/summitinterconnect.ca\/fr\/blog\/article\/cavendish\/","title":{"rendered":"Les exp\u00e9riences de Henry Cavendish"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>La plupart des manuels de physique actuels semblent commencer l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 en enseignant l\u2019\u00e9lectrostatique, puis en transitionnant vers le courant continu en r\u00e9gime permanent avec la loi d\u2019Ohm comme premi\u00e8re le\u00e7on importante. La loi d\u2019Ohm est souvent pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e dans les manuels comme le lien n\u00e9cessaire entre l\u2019\u00e9lectrostatique et le courant \u00e9lectrique. Ce point d\u2019entr\u00e9e peut ou non \u00eatre appropri\u00e9 pour introduire la loi d\u2019Ohm telle que nous la connaissons aujourd\u2019hui. Cependant, il n\u2019explique pas vraiment l\u2019introduction de la loi de la puissance. Mis \u00e0 part le fait qu\u2019ils utilisent des variables similaires, il n\u2019existe pas de raison convaincante d\u2019introduire la loi de la puissance \u00e0 ce moment-l\u00e0, sauf peut-\u00eatre pour permettre aux enseignants et aux auteurs d\u2019aborder la luminosit\u00e9 des ampoules (dissipation de puissance) dans les circuits en s\u00e9rie et en parall\u00e8le. Comme le souligne Arnold Arons \u00e0 la page 203 de son manuel *Teaching Introductory Physics*, \u00ab en raison de la mani\u00e8re dont la plupart des manuels introduisent les circuits r\u00e9sistifs et concentrent les exercices sur la manipulation de la loi d\u2019Ohm et [de la loi de la puissance], tr\u00e8s peu d\u2019\u00e9tudiants prennent conscience du fait que le courant dans un syst\u00e8me n\u2019est pas toujours d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par [I=\u0394V\/R] \u00bb.<\/p>\n<h2>Une approche qualitative de la r\u00e9sistance<\/h2>\n<p>James Clerk Maxwell a publi\u00e9 son *Trait\u00e9 sur l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et le magn\u00e9tisme* en 1873. L\u2019ann\u00e9e suivante, Maxwell a acquis les travaux in\u00e9dits d\u2019Henry Cavendish sur des exp\u00e9riences men\u00e9es entre 1772 et 1773. En 1879, Maxwell a publi\u00e9 ces travaux dans un livre intitul\u00e9 *The Electrical Researches of Henry Cavendish*.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.royalcircuits.com\/?p=18443&amp;elementor-preview=18443&amp;ver=1644273856#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Dans le chapitre intitul\u00e9 *Resistance to Electricity* de *The Electrical Researches of Henry Cavendish*<a href=\"https:\/\/www.royalcircuits.com\/?p=18443&amp;elementor-preview=18443&amp;ver=1644273856#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a>, Cavendish a tent\u00e9 de quantifier la r\u00e9sistance de divers mat\u00e9riaux et m\u00e9langes, y compris des longueurs de conducteurs mesur\u00e9es. Pour cela, il a charg\u00e9 simultan\u00e9ment six bouteilles de Leyde identiques \u00e0 l\u2019aide de fils de connexion, puis a retir\u00e9 les fils pour que chaque bouteille conserve une charge identique.<\/p>\n<p>Ensuite, Cavendish a d\u00e9charg\u00e9 les bouteilles une par une \u00e0 travers un circuit de test compos\u00e9 d\u2019une longueur de fil soigneusement mesur\u00e9e, d\u2019un morceau de papier d\u2019aluminium et d\u2019un \u00e9clateur.<sup>[3]<\/sup> Les limites des instruments disponibles \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque de Cavendish ont emp\u00each\u00e9 une v\u00e9ritable exp\u00e9rimentation quantitative. Cependant, il a remarqu\u00e9 que l\u2019intensit\u00e9 du choc qu\u2019il recevait et la luminosit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9tincelle \u00e9taient li\u00e9es \u00e0 la longueur du fil.<\/p>\n<p>Les travaux de Cavendish entre 1772 et 1773 n\u2019\u00e9taient pas bien connus dans la communaut\u00e9 scientifique, car il ne les a apparemment jamais publi\u00e9s. Son \u00e9quipement ne poss\u00e9dait pas la pr\u00e9cision n\u00e9cessaire pour \u00e9tablir une relation math\u00e9matique accept\u00e9e entre la r\u00e9sistance et les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s physiques d\u2019un fil, mais son approche \u00e9tait similaire en esprit \u00e0 une exp\u00e9rience ult\u00e9rieure r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par Georg Ohm.<\/p>\n<p>Les laboratoires de physique disposent de g\u00e9n\u00e9rateurs \u00e9lectrostatiques capables de reproduire cette exp\u00e9rience. Cependant, ils ne r\u00e9alisent que rarement une exp\u00e9rience qui d\u00e9montre la relation entre la longueur d\u2019un fil et l\u2019intensit\u00e9 d\u2019un choc \u00e9lectrique.<\/p>\n<p>Si Cavendish avait publi\u00e9 ses r\u00e9sultats, cela aurait peut-\u00eatre donn\u00e9 plus de cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 aux travaux d\u2019Ohm et conduit \u00e0 une acceptation plus rapide dans la communaut\u00e9 scientifique.<\/p>\n<p>Notes de bas de page :<\/p>\n<h6><sup>[1]<\/sup> Falconer, I., Aucune mesure r\u00e9elle\u2026 n'\u00e9tait requise : la m\u00e9thode nulle de Maxwell et Cavendish pour la loi du carr\u00e9 inverse de l'\u00e9lectrostatique.<\/h6>\n<h6><sup>[2]<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/The_Electrical_Researches_of_the_Honoura\/SocIAAAAMAAJ\">https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/The_Electrical_Researches_of_the_Honoura\/SocIAAAAMAAJ<\/a><\/h6>\n<h6><sup>[3]<\/sup> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_Cavendish\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_Cavendish<\/a><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La plupart des manuels de physique actuels semblent commencer l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 en enseignant l\u2019\u00e9lectrostatique, puis en transitionnant vers le courant continu en r\u00e9gime permanent avec la loi d\u2019Ohm comme premi\u00e8re le\u00e7on importante. La loi d\u2019Ohm est souvent pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e dans les manuels comme le lien n\u00e9cessaire entre l\u2019\u00e9lectrostatique et le courant \u00e9lectrique. Ce point d\u2019entr\u00e9e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11317","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-theorie"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les exp\u00e9riences de Henry Cavendish - Summit Interconnect CA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Summit Interconnect, une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de fabrication de circuits imprim\u00e9s, explique le concept des exp\u00e9riences d&#039;Henry Cavendish et les applications des processus de fabrication de circuits imprim\u00e9s \u00e0 rotation rapide.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/summitinterconnect.ca\/fr\/blog\/article\/cavendish\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les exp\u00e9riences de Henry Cavendish - 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